Evaluating Extended TAM Predictors of AI Chatbot Adoption: A Comparative Study of Iranian and Iraqi EFL Learners

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 MA of applied linguistics Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran

2 Professor of Applied Linguistics, Razi University

3 Assist. Prof in Applied Linguistics Al Mustaqbal University

Abstract

TThe study examined how university EFL learners in Iran and Iraq use AI chatbots and whether their acceptance differs by nationality, gender, prior experience with language-learning technologies, and frequency of use. The respondents of the study included 120 Iranian EFL learners and 100 Iraqi EFL learners. An online questionnaire was used to collect the data. The eight expanded constructs of the technology acceptance model were subjected to descriptive statistics. Mann-Whitney U tests and a factorial multivariate analysis of variance were conducted to compare Iranian and Iraqi scores, as the construct distributions were not normally distributed. Perceived ease of use, facilitating conditions, and technological complexity showed significant differences. There are no statistically significant country differences were expected for PU, ATT, BI, AU, or PE. Frequency of use varied and helped explain and predict the other constructs, so they were all at least associated with frequency of use. Prior exposure to technology encourages use of a new technology. After correction, only actual use remained linked to nationality, and no corrected construct-specific or overall differences emerged by gender. The results relate to acceptance and perceived learning support, not the size or duration of language gains. 

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Main Subjects

Technology Assisted Language Education
Volume 4, Issue 4
December 2026
Pages 1-20

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